![]() Such spatial and temporal segregation is stronger between predators and their main prey ( Ávila-Nájera et al., 2016). Prey species also frequently avoid sites where predators occur ( Boron et al., 2020 Davis et al., 2011). For instance, in terrestrial mammal communities, it has been observed that prey species accommodate their daily schedule to avoid activity peaks of predators ( Di Bitetti et al., 2010 Harmsen et al., 2011 Herrera et al., 2018 Hernández-SaintMartín et al., 2013 Massara et al., 2015 Massara et al., 2018 Santos et al., 2019). Predation is a common interaction that has a direct impact on populations of predators and prey, including complex behaviors between these species ( Mittelbach, 1986 Saul & Jeschke, 2015). Although individual interactions in animals occur frequently in small time lapses, they have a great impact on population dynamics and the behavior of interacting species ( Schmitz & Suttle, 2001 Werner, 1992). ![]() ![]() Species interactions are one of the main factors that influence the coexistence of species, community structure, and ecosystem functioning ( Futuyma & Agrawal, 2009 Levin, 2009 Thompson, 1999). Implications for Conservation: Defaunated tropical forests need protection to ensure the conservation of remaining species and their ecological interactions. Furthermore, mesopredator coexistence was mediated by a displacement in the temporal peaks of activity and spatial segregation among species. High temporal overlap of ocelots and potential prey (lowland paca) was observed compared to other tropical forests holding large-sized predators, suggesting behavioral shifts for increasing mesopredator–prey encounters. The coyote and ocelot showed a positive correlation with their use of low use trails by people.Ĭonclusions: Spatiotemporal tolerance was observed among mesopredator omnivores and prey herbivores. The Mexican agouti exhibited a significant negative correlation with the presence of mesopredators. Some mesopredator–prey species pairs showed low or inverse correlations suggesting species avoidance. Among most mesopredator–prey species pairs, the correlation for both the capture rates at camera-trap stations and the 1-hr intervals were mainly moderate or low. Results: Presence of ocelot and coyote was influenced by an increase in the detectability and occupancy of the Mexican agouti. Methods: We used two-species occupancy-detection models between mesopredators and their potential prey, overlap index of circular models, and latency time measurements to evaluate temporal and spatial segregation and habitat use of species. We explored the spatiotemporal coexistence of the mesopredators (< 15 kg) coyote, ocelot, and white-nosed coati, with their potential prey (< 15 kg) Mexican agouti, lowland paca, and collared peccary in a defaunated rainforest. Email: and Research Aims: Forest loss and fragmentation have a negative impact on large-sized predators and prey, whose populations are reduced or extirpated locally. Lavariega, Vertebrate Lab, Instituto Politecnico Nacional Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigacion para el Desarrollo Integral, Hornos 1003, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlan 71230, Mexico. Universidad 300, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico D.F. *Corresponding Authors:José Juan Flores-Martínez, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Av. Lavariega 5,**ġInstituto de Biología, 98934 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, MexicoĢEstación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Veracruz, MexicoģCentro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa-Enríquez, MexicoĤUniversidad Pedagógica Nacional, Oaxaca de Juárez, MexicoĥInstituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Oaxaca, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Mexico José Juan Flores-Martínez, 1,* Rosamond Coates, 2 Víctor Sánchez-Cordero, 1 Jesús Alejandro Ríos-Solís, 3 Beatriz Carely Luna-Olivera, 4 Marcelino Ramírez-Ibáñez, 4 Mario C.
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